Is it too late to learn Python now that AI will take over the coding industry?

February 7, 2024

No, it is not late to learn Python or any other computer programming language. Although artificial intelligence (AI) will eventually displace most human programmers, being a programmer will be a potentially lucrative and rewarding endeavor for decades to come. Becoming a programmer or becoming acquainted with programming can help clever humans transition into the roles of AI entrepreneurs and investors. Those are the two types of humans (entrepreneurs and investors) who stand to benefit the most from AI and the new and revolutionary AI Era that is just beginning.   

Computers, the Greatest Human Invention of All Times? 

Computers may eventually prove to be the greatest human invention of all times. God and money currently top the list for many. Many do not see gods or the gods as human inventions and that is testament to the greatness of the invention. Many fail to recognize money as a human invention and waste time and energy worrying unnecessarily about money. Money is a reflection of economic value. To make money, create value. Create value and money will follow. Humans will throw money at you to get value from you. 

Science and math are fine contenders for the honor of best human inventions of all times. Some may see them as discoveries, but arguably they are technologies (tools and methods of cognition and investigation) invented by humans. Agriculture, the wheel, the printing press, and many others human inventions and discoveries make up an impressive list of human technological advancements over time. Languages may be the master matrix invention of all, facilitating all other inventions and discoveries. After all, no human is an island and all technological advancements required adequate communication skills to elicit collaboration between humans. Humans are remarkable creators and communicators that have revolutionized life on planet Earth. Long live the sapiens! 

What are computers anyways?

Computers are electronic devices that process input into output by applying logical and mathematical operations over data. Computers perform logical and mathematical operations following algorithmic (step-by-step) sets of programmatic instructions called "programs". Computers can execute programs at the speed of electrons. That execution speed is the main advantage of computers over humans. In addition, computers can perform nonstop without need for biological breaks. 

Humans have some advantages over computers in terms of agency and initiative. Historically, the main human advantage over computers was predicated on processing capacity. That advantage is eroding away quickly as computer chips are accumulating parallel processing capacity that rivals--if not surpasses--human processing capacity. The processing capacity of modern computer chips, as compounded over internet servers, already surpasses human biological processing capacity. 

What is AI anyways?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is computerized human-like intelligence. AI is the capacity of computers to mimic human intelligence. AI is beginning to revolutionize the human world. AI can be seen as an extension of computers and the internet. Just like computers and the internet got into every single segment of modern human life, AI will do the same and penetrate everything. AI is getting into every segment of human society just like computers and the internet did in the past decades. The next decades will mark the beginning of a new era, the AI Era. Many functions and tasks that are performed by humans with or without assistance from computers will be performed either by humans assisted by AI or by AI by itself. 

One of the human functions that will most likely transition to AI-assisted, to or completely AI, is coding or writing computer programs. Having said that, the transition from human programmers to AI will not happen overnight. Human programmers will be in super high demand in the next decades and the beginning stages of the AI era, precisely facilitating that transition. 

Coding is a growing industry and will remain a growing industry in the next five decades. This is the best time to continue being a programmer, becoming one, or becoming well acquainted with the fascinating and entertaining art and science of computer programming. The years and decades ahead will be full of opportunities for human programmers to work alongside AI creating and developing computer programs. Humans who invest the time and effort mastering AI-assisted programming today and in the next fifty years will be well positioned to become the entrepreneurs and investors profiting from managing and owning AI programming ventures (AI software companies) in the AI Era. 

This article begins a series of articles on one of the most popular programming languages out there, Python. It also discusses in passing the concepts of code editors, integrated development environments (IDEs). It also includes a glossary of programming terminology that will be useful for years to come. 

Python

Python is a general-purpose programming language. It can be used for web development, data management, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and more. Python is considered to be simple, readable, and flexible. 

Python is a versatile language that can be used for a wide variety of tasks, making it a popular choice for programmers of all levels of experience.Here are some examples of popular programs that are written in Python:

• Web development. Python can be used to develop web applications. There are popular web frameworks that are written in Python such as Django, Pyramid, and Flask. 
• Desktop applications. Python can also be used to create desktop applications, such as games, graphical applications, and scientific applications. Popular desktop application frameworks written in Python include Kivy, Tkinter, and PyQt.
• Systems and Networks. Python can be used for system administration tasks such managing servers, configuring networks, and automating performance. Popular system administration tools written in Python include Fabric, Ansible, and SaltStack.
• Data management. Python can be used for data science projects. It has extensive data analysis libraries such as Pandas, NumPy, and SciPy. 
• AI and Machine Learning. Python is being used for AI and machine learning applications. AI libraries in Python include TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Scikit-Learn. 

Python programming is object-oriented with dynamic syntax. Python is high-level with an easy to learn syntax and a strong community support. Python encourages program modularity and code reuse. In addition, the interpreter and the extensive standard library of extensions are available for free use. 

Python is considered to be very efficient and productive. A reason is that the write-edit-test-debug-cycle (wetdc) in Python is fast without a separate compilation step. Debugging code written in Python is considered efficient because the interpreter discovers an error, raises an exception, and prints statements to fix the code. The debugger feature inspects local and global variables, set breakpoints, evaluate expressions, and more.

How to install Python on your Mac

• 1.Visit https://www.python.org/downloads/
• ‘Download the latest version for macOS’. Click the Download Python button.
• 2. Click on the installer package to launch it. Follow the on-screen instructions. Python will install in the  Applications folder. 
• 3. Verify installation by opening Python and double clicking IDLE. It is supposed to open showing a command line. Try the print command: print ('Test'). If it prints the word Test, it installed properly. 

Code Editors and Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)

A code editor is a program to help humans write and revise code with operations such as syntax highlighting and code formatting. Code editors are modern tools to enhance productivity and efficiency in human-led coding. Syntax highlighting is a typical code editing operation that applies different colors to different code sections and operations to serve as visual cues to programmers. Code formatting is akin to proofreading the code to correct missing indentation, close parenthesis, fix functions, and the like.  Due to Python's popularity, almost every popular code editor in the market works well for Python. 

An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that combines multiple software developer tools in one application. Typically, IDEs combine all the common features of code editors with more advanced features such as code autocompletion. An IDE is a comprehensive tool that can be used throughout the complete process of software development. IDEs provide code building, editing, running, and testing capabilities into one central application. IDEs also tend to include code editing features like syntax highlighting, code autocompletion, and debugging. 

Main Features of an IDE

1. Syntax Highlighting. Just like a code editor, an IDE should provide visual cues to facilitate code writing, editing, and formatting. 
2. Autocomplete. IDEs should be able to complete code lines for humans. AI is making autocomplete better every day, making coding easier every day. 
3. Building Executables. IDEs can run and interpret code, building executable functions, and testing them. 
4. Debugging. IDEs should be able to detect errors and fix them for humans.
5. Version Control. IDEs should be able to monitoring, track, and manage all changes in code to keep track of different versions. 

Quick Comparison Between Editors and IDEs

A code editor is typically just a software application used for editing source code without the ability to compile/interpret the code and run it. Code editors are lightweight and generally customizable through plugins and add-ons. A code editor can be used as a stand-alone application or as part of a more comprehensive IDE solution. 

Code editors are lightweight and generally customizable through plugins and add-ons. A code editor can be used as a stand-alone application or as part of a more comprehensive IDE solution. IDE is typically a code editor plus extensive software development tools. IDEs most often consist of a source code editor, code building automation tools, code autocompletion, code running, testing, and debugging features. Good IDEs help human programmers in all aspects of writing computer programs. IDEs are meant to increase the productivity and efficiency of human programmers. IDEs typically have  graphical user interfaces (GUI) while a typical code editors do not. An IDE also has features such as code completion, syntax highlighting, and debugging, which are not typically found in a code editor. Code editors are generally simpler than IDEs. 

In sum, both code editors and IDEs are tools to facilitate the science and art of code writing. Code editors are more simple. IDEs are more advanced. 

Code editors for Mac 

Factors to consider when selecting a code editor for Mac include of course Mac compatibility, user friendliness, functionality, performance, customization through extensions, and community support. 

1. Xcode

XCode is Apple’s native code editor, and a must-have for developers targeting the Apple ecosystem. It offers a complete package for macOS, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS app development. Its seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, debugging capabilities, and extensive resources make it an indispensable tool for Apple developers. Integrated development environment (IDE) for macOS and iOS app development, Powerful debugging and testing tools, Interface Builder for designing user interfaces, Swift and Objective-C support. Features: Simulator for testing iOS apps, Interface Builder for visually designing app UIs, Extensive documentation and resources, Integration with Apple's app distribution platforms. Price: free.

2. Nova

This is one of the best code editors for beginners using Macs. It is a native Mac application. It has a modern and sleek user interface (UI), Git integration for version control, extensive library for customization, built-in terminal and task management. It is good for beginners and also for professionals with a good balance of simple and advanced features. It has a nice visual debugger for real-time code inspection, integrated syntax highlighting, and good autocompletion. It is not too lightweight and it is not free. After a 14-day free trial, full license is $99.

3. Espresso This is a Mac-only code editor that is almost a full blown IDE. Works smoothly like Atom or Sublime Text. It is fast, and relatively powerful with real-time editing on a pop-up browser screen that allows you to see your code run in real time as you code. It has an extensive library of plugins and extensions, and a strong community. Espresso, as the name suggests, focuses on style and performance with modern drag and drop features. After a free trial, price is $79. 

4. BBEdit is a Mac-only editor by Bare Bones. It has a lot of professional-level features for creating, editing, and manipulating text for coding projects. Price is $49.

Special Purpose Code Editors

Quick note about two special purpose code editors for both Windows and Macs.

1. Codeshare.io 

This is a free editor to share coding work done on Subline, Vim, or Emacs online on real time. It is a popular tool for job interviews where coding candidates are typically asked to program on the spot to showcase their skills. It is also good for training and tutoring coding skills. Codeshare.io features include syntax highlighting and integrated keyboard shortcuts to facilitate coding projects and to integrate them with Sublime, VIM, or Emacs. Codeshare is not for everyday use. It is like "renting" an editor online for a quick task such as sharing work, displaying skills, or training others. Codeshare is not a full editor. It is a temporary or transient tool for specific purposes. 

2. Brackets 

Brackets is a special purpose editor for the Adobe ecosystem. Brackets is designed to be simple and minimalistic, but with unique features associated to Adobe products. For example, Extract is a feature that extracts elements from Photoshop design (PSD) files (e.g. colors, gradients, text) into CSS text. This can help in building websites with rich images and visual effects. It is considered the best editor for programmers in the Adobe ecosystem using applications such as Photoshop or InDesign. The Extract tool makes Brackets almost indispensable for front-end work with Photoshop design files. 

Code Editors for Python Programming

IDLE

Integrated Development and Learning Environment (IDLE) is the default code editor / IDE that comes with Python. It is a complete editor and a very simple IDE. It is recommended for beginners. Notable features include a good search tool, an interactive interpreter with syntax highlighting, error highlighting, smart indenting, basic text formatting, and a capable debugger.

Other than IDLE, which comes native with Python, here are the top 5 editors to consider for use with Python:

1. Visual Studio Code

Visual Studio (VS) Code is a free, open-source, code editor by Microsoft. It is by now the most popular code editor and it is very popular for programming in Python. Features include syntax highlighting, intelligent code completion, debugging, code refactoring (i.e. reorganizing or "cleaning up" code without changing functionality), and tracking changes for version control. It can be used for many programming languages. It is very customizable with plugins and extensions. 

VS Code is designed to help humans write and debug code. VS Code helps with syntax highlighting, intelligent code completion, snippets, code refactoring, embedded git, task running, debugging, version control, and more. VS Code is lightweight and fast to start up. Users can add features through extensions to support different workflows, languages, and frameworks. 

VS Code is not a full IDE, but can perform most of the basic tasks of an IDE with plugins. VS has a strong user base and a vibrant community of users and facilitators (e.g. tutors, trainers, etc.). VS Code is open source and continually improved by the community. It is written in Node.js and Electron and kept vibrantly up to date with the latest advances and movements in coding. Notable features include the IntelliSense code autocompletion, the Git integration, the excellent debugger, and the extensive library of plugins and extensions available. 

2. Sublime Text 3 

Sublime Text is a free, lightweight, code editor that supports many languages, including Python. It is highly customizable and also offers fast development speeds and reliability. Features of Sublime Text 3 include high customizability through plugins, speed, minimal, discreet and powerful user interface, syntax highlighting, code auto-completion, and powerful text editing features. Sublime Text 3 is designed for code, markup, and prose. It offers distraction-free writing mode, quick shortcuts/search, split editing, and a very intuitive keyboard shortcut system.  

3. Atom

Atom is a free, open-source, code editor by GitHub (owned by Microsoft since 2018). Atom supports many languages, including Python. Atom is a popular open-source IDE that is highly customizable and offers multiple plugins. Atom is very similar to Sublime Text and provides almost the same features with emphasis on speed and usability. It has a simple and customizable interface, and is highly customizable through a large number of extensions. It includes code autocompletion, syntax highlighting, a file browser, and a built-in package manager. Notable features include Git and GitHub integration for version control; extensive library of plugins; and smart autocompletion. Atom's Teletype facilitates collaboration, allowing multiple developers to work on the same code from remote locations. Atom can be as elemental as you want it or as advanced as desired. Atom is one of the most customizable code editors with an extensive library of extensions.

4. Vim

Vim is a free and open-source text editor. It is cross-platform (Windows, Mac, Linux). It can be adapted to Python development. Like all editors, Vim supports syntax highlighting and visual cues to facilitate coding. Vim is customizable through plugins and extensions. It is structured on "modes" (normal, insert, and command) for different development stages. process.  It is a powerful tool that enhances editing files, performs search to replaces operations, and much more. Vim was designed to allow users to manipulate and navigate text using keyboard commands without using a mouse. Vim is very lightweight and can be fast and efficient once the user learns the keyboard commands well. It may have a steep learning curve when compared to other simpler editors. Vim is especially popular among experienced programmers and is often considered the most powerful text editor in the market today. 

Vim is an advanced editor with a steep learning curve. It is designed for professional developers looking for the utmost efficiency and functionality. The user interface (UI) is based on keyboard shortcuts that can super expedite the coding work of advanced professionals coding at very high speeds. Notably, there is a game called Vim Adventures to help users learn how to use Vim. 

In sum, Vim is a code, but almost an IDE. It is Linux and Unix based, and designed for professionals. It has an advanced user interface, many plugins, a professional community behind it, and good AI support. 

5. GNU Emacs. GNU Emacs is a free and open-source text editor. It has an good set of features, including a built-in Lisp interpreter, powerful editing features, and support for a wide range of programming languages and file formats.  It includes syntax highlighting and code formatting. Like Vim, GNU Emacs is works without a mouse, using solely keyboard commands.  It is very lightweight and customizable with extensions. Elpy is the extension that supports Python.

IDEs for Python

• Beginner. For programming beginners and new learners getting acquainted with Python, recommendation is to use IDLE first and then try Thonny or Pythonista. IDLE is a simple IDE that comes with Python. Pythonista is a full-featured IDE.
• Intermediate. For intermediate programmers who may be new to the Python language, recommendation is to stick to VS Code (editor that is almost a full IDE when customized with extensions and plugins), or try PyCharm, PyDev, Wing, or Rodeo.  
• Advanced. The most popular IDEs for experienced Python developers are PyCharm and Visual Studio Code. Advanced programmers venturing in data science, including AI applications, probably will use PyCharm Professional, Spyder, and Jupyter Notebook.

PyCharm

PyCharm is a popular IDE by the European software company JetBrains. An IDE that offers features such as intelligent code completion, debugging, and version control integration. It also supports web development frameworks like Django and Flask. PyCharm is advanced and sophisticated. It is not for beginners. Target customers are professional software developers looking for utmost speed and efficiency in the development of large and complex Python projects.

PyCharm is one of the most popular Python IDEs, used by many professional developers. PyCharm has a free community-style version and a paid one. Community version comes with features such as syntax highlighting, intelligent autocompletion, error highlighting, and quick debugging. The code inspection or proofreading feature in PyCharms is considered one of the most advanced among Python IDEs. Additionally, PyCharm has a very active community willing and able to provide help and technical support. The professional version comes with a couple of added advanced features. These include database management and Python web frameworks like Django, Google App Engine, and Pyramid.

PyCharm is comprehensive and not on the lightweight side. It can use significant amounts of memory and slow down basic hardware. All in all, PyCharm is a choice for professionals looking for a comprehensive and advanced IDE for Python. PyCharm. 

Rodeo

Rodeo is praised as one of the best IDEs for Python data science programs. It was developed for data science-related tasks like taking data and information from different resources and for plotting complex data charts.  

Jupyter Notebook

Jupyter. A free, open-source, and widely used IDE that can be used for data science. It can be used to run simulations, apply for AI/ML projects, and support data visualizations for presentations. Jupyter is an online IDE, easy to use, and optimal for collaboration. It is popular for analyzing, sharing, and presenting information. It is becoming very popular in the realm of AI machine learning and AI simulation. It is easy to use, allows live code sharing. 

Spyder

Spyder is a free, open-source IDE, popular for data science and AI machine learning projects on Python. It includes syntax highlighting, code autocompletion, code analysis, charts, graphs, debugging, and integration of many data science libraries such as NumPy, Pandas, Scipy, and Matplotlib. Spyder also has great community support. Spyder is most commonly used for scientific development. It r comes with Anaconda distribution, which is popular for data science and machine learning. 

Well, that was just a basic notion on code editors and IDEs. Now, let's continue with Python.

Python Programming Concepts

• Syntax. In programming, syntax refers to the rules of construction for building code in a programming language. Python has a simple syntax that is easy to learn.
• Variables. These are place holders for definitions or value assignments. Python promotes the use of concise variables with precise meanings.
• Strings. Strings are data blocks or collections of characters. Python has a built-in string class named str . Python strings are "immutable" which means they cannot be changed after they are created.
• Booleans. True or false logical statements and operations. Python uses Booleans like all other programming languages. 
• Constants. Placeholders with set or invariable values. Python allows programmers to set and define constants for programs. 
• Comment. Adding guide notes into the code sidelines. Python allows for comments. 
• Type conversion. This is converting a value from one type to another such as converting a code string to a number in Python. 
• Operators. In Python like in most programs are either logical (e.g. true or false) or comparative (e.g. greater than, equal to, smaller than. :
• Control Flow. Control flow statements in Python include if.else statement, the basic algorithmic structure; ternary operators for making code concise; break points to exit loops; pass to allow an empty code portion without generating an error. 
• Functions. In Python, functions are defined easily to command instructions using keyword arguments for clarity, recursive functions (functions that call themselves) and docstrings to describe what functions are for. Additional Python functions include unpacking lists and tuples; using partial functions. A partial functions in Python is a function that is created by fixing a certain number of arguments of another function. Python provides a built-in module called functools that includes a function called partial that can be used to create partial functions. Python also shows how to add type hints to the parameters of functions. 
• Data Types in Python (Dictionary, Set, List, and Tuple)
• Dictionaries in Python help learning coding commands. 
• Sets. In Python, sets and functions over sets explain set types, unite, interset, compare, and create subsets. A set in Python is a data type to store several items in a single variable. Sets have qualities and usage different from the other three. Sets are written with curly brackets and are unindexed and unordered
• Lists. A list in Python allows to create, filter, sort, iterate, and unpack lists and tuples (immutable lists).
• Exception handling. In Python, the try-except and try-except-else commands handle error exceptions. The try block allows for testing a block of code for errors. The except block lets you handle the error. The else block lets you execute code when no errors are found. 
• Looping. Python loop commands include the for else and while else commands. These else statements in Python are used in conditional statements (if statements). The else returns values (decides what to do) if the condition is False. The 'while-else' construct provides handles loops with an additional clause executed when the loop usually concludes without a break statement. These 'for else' structures help manage loop scenarios. 
• Interpreters. Python interpreters are programs that run Python code. It can be used to run code interactively or to run code from a file.
• Python Shell. Python is an interpreter language that executes code line by line. Python provides the Shell, which executes a single python command and displays the result. To run the Python Shell, open the command prompt on windows and the terminal window on mac. Write Python and press enter. Python prompt consists of three greater than symbols. 

Colab

If you want to experiment with Python without installing it, or you want to be able to access your work on different computers, you can use Google’s Colab to write Python scripts. All you need is a web browser and a Google account. Colab.research.google.com. In the Table of Contents section in the sidebar, Getting Started explains everything for new users. 

Use Google Colab as an alternative to bypass the installation altogether. Colaboratory, or “Colab” for short, is a product from Google Research. Colab allows anybody to write and execute arbitrary python code through the browser, and is especially well suited to machine learning, data analysis and education. More technically, Colab is a hosted Jupyter notebook service that requires no setup to use, while providing access free of charge to computing resources including GPUs.

Here are some additional tips for running Python code:

• Download and install the latest version of Python from its website. In the alternative, use online Python compilers such as Google Colab or PythonAnywhere. 
• Use code editors or Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
• Save your Python script files with a .py extension.
• Learn online using Google, YouTube, and ChatGPT. 

The best way to learn Python is playing with it. Watch YouTube videos and Google information. Open your Python, and begin playing with it. Begin using IDLE as your IDE solution. Use ChatGPT and other AI modules to suggest code for you. Copy and paste it and see what comes out. Tweak as you go. Baby steps are fun! 

Glossary

Autocompletion. Code autocompletion or code completion is a programming tool that suggests and completes code snippets as you type. Like most writing applications these days, IDEs with auto completion guess what the predictable human will type next. AI is making autocompletion really smart and is making coding easier for humans. The feature makes suggestions that the programmer can confirm by pressing the tab key. Once this feature is mastered, it can save significant amount of time when writing repetitive code. In programming, it is super helpful to get autocompletion of syntax to avoid errors. 

Compilation. Compiling is the transformation from source code (human readable) into machine code (binary computer executable). 

Debugging. Finding and fixing errors in code. Debugging code makes it run properly. Good debuggers can execute code line-by-line checking execution in memory and finding the source of errors. 

Dependencies. A software "dependency" is a software component that relies on another software to work properly. For example, if a software application uses a library to query a database, the application depends on that library.

Dynamic. Dynamic programming is a computer programming technique that breaks down complex problems into smaller, more manageable components. The solutions to each sub-problem are stored so that each sub-problem is only solved once. The sub-problems are then optimized to find the overall solution.

Extensions. Extensions create new functionalities or extend existing ones. Extensions are distributed as source code. Plugins are added as executable scripts. Plugins provide extra functionality without modifying the source code. Extensions modify core functionality.Executables. Stand-alone files containing machine code compiled from the source code. The user can run these files easily by clicking them.

Framework. In programming, a framework is a software solution that provides pre-fabricated "parts" (pre-written code) that can be used by plug and play to facilitate code creation. Rather than having to build everything from scratch, frameworks facilitate the use of pre-made pieces of functional code. ing  Frameworks can include libraries of plugins and extensions. Frameworks are part of what the software industry refers to as the inversion of control (IoC) principle. 

High-Level. High-level programming languages (HLLs) are designed to be easy for humans to understand. HLLs are highly abstracted, meaning they hide details like memory management and hardware addressing. This makes it easier for programmers to write and understand code.

Hints. Type hints is a feature that indicates the types of variables, the operating parameters of functions, and the expected return values. They can help other programmes understand what types of data your function expects and what type of data they are expected to return. After all, computing is all about turning input into output. 

Interpreter. An interpreter is a program that directly executes the instructions in a high-level language, without converting it into machine code. In programming, we can execute a program in two ways. Firstly, through compilation and secondly, through an interpreter. The common way is to use a compiler.

Inversion of Control (IoC). Design approach where "dependencies" are gathered from external sources, rather than created new for every project. There is so much prefabricated code content that it is not necessary to reinvent the wheel for every little detail. Plugins. A plugin is a software extension that adds new functionality to a program or application without changing its core code. Plugins are known as add-ons, extensions, or modules. Plugins enable apps and programs to take on new capabilities without getting completely modified. Plugins can work on top of an application or inside the host program. For example, a plugin might be needed to watch videos on a browser. 

Libraries. Libraries are collections of code that can be used to extend the functionality of Python. Some shared libraries for Python include the standard library, NumPy, and SciPy. 

Lightweight. Small memory footprint (RAM usage) and low CPU usage. Software is considered lightweight if it utilizes a limited amount of RAM. Lightweight programming languages usually have a simple user interface (UI), simple syntax, simple features, and small size. 

Loops. Looping means repeating something over and over until a particular condition is satisfied. A for loop in Python is a control flow statement that is used to repeatedly execute a group of statements as long as the condition is satisfied. These are called iterative (repetitive) statements.

Modularity. In programming, modularity is the practice of dividing a system into separate modules or components that each handle a specific functionality. These units are often called modules, components, or classes, depending on the programming language and paradigm you use.Navigation. Code navigation explores code, dependencies, and symbols. Code navigation facilitates moving through code sections. It helps read, understand, and navigate code.

Object-oriented. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer science programming model that organizes software design around objects, or data. OOP is based on the concept of classes and objects, which can contain data and code.

Open source. Computer programs that are developed through open collaboration and made available to the public. The source code for open source software is available for anyone to view, modify, and use for any purpose.

Packages. In programming, a package manager is a program that handles installing, upgrading, configuring, and using software. Package managers also help keep track of what software is installed on a computer, and allow users to easily install new software, upgrade software to newer versions, or remove software that they previously installed.Stack

Plugins. Plugins and extensions are both third-party software that add new functions to a host program without altering the host program. However, they differ in their specific use. A plug-in, which can also be called an add-on or an extension, is third-party software that adds new functions to a host program on a computer, without altering the host program. Basically, they allow you to add new components to a host program or extend its capabilities beyond its original design. Plugins allow programs to perform new tasks. 

Profilers. A profiler is a tool used to measure and analyze the performance of a program. It can be used to help improve code performance by diagnosing memory and CPU usage, and other application-level issues. A profiler gathers information about the execution of a program, such as the time it takes to execute individual functions, the amount of memory used, and the number of times each function is called. 

Source code is a set of instructions written by a programmer using a computer programming language. It is the fundamental component of a computer program.

Tools are programs that help with development tasks such as testing, debugging, and packaging. Some standard tools for Python include the Python debugger, the Python package manager, and the Python profiler.

Version Control. Managing changes to code. And popular version control systems include Git and Subversion (SVN).